The thick and tall walls in this photo are the defenses of the Matsuyama castle. Made to be unbreakable, they were protected with loopholes for archers and towers with openings for throwing stones (ishi-otoshi). Also, the design was forcing the attacking troops to pass through small rectangular spaces with walls on three sides, veritable death-traps for any army.

Matsuyama Castle, Matsuyama, Ehime

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